Other groups include Bedouins (an indigenous people of the Negev desert in southern Israel), the Druze — a unique ethnic group with its own religious practices — as well as smaller ethnic and religious minorities.

The Jewish population itself is remarkably diverse, reflecting the global Jewish diaspora — Jews whose ancestors were displaced from the region over the course of many centuries, and who have now returned, particularly since the establishment of Israel in 1948. Major groups include Ashkenazi Jews from Europe; Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews from Spain, North Africa, and the Middle East; Ethiopian Jews; Russian-speaking Jews from the former Soviet Union; and smaller communities, such as the Bnei Menashe from India.

Beyond ethnic diversity, Israel’s Jewish population exhibits significant religious diversity. A large portion of the population identifies as secular, maintaining a cultural or national Jewish identity rather than a strictly religious one. Religious Jews range from Modern Orthodox to Haredi (ultra-Orthodox), each with varying levels of observance and influence in society. Additionally, Masorti/Conservative and Reform Jewish communities are growing, advocating for more pluralistic forms of Jewish practice.